Like many, we at the Watchers were deeply saddened to hear of the death of the incomparable Dame Angela Lansbury, who passed away on Tuesday October 11th 2022, at the age of 96.
Today- Sunday October 16th 2022- would have been her 97th birthday, so it feels an appropriate day for us to celebrate her amazing life and career.
In a career spanning a staggering 80 years, she worked tirelessly in film, television, and on the stage, creating some iconic characters and imbuing every role with dignity and gravitas (whether that's as a scheming housemaid, a shrewd amateur detective, or a singing teapot). Esteemed movie critic Pauline Kael called Lansbury a "picture redeemer" because of the unvarying quality of her performances in films of varying quality.
Born in Regent's Park, London in 1925, the daughter of an Irish actress and an English politician, Lansbury moved to the United States with her mother and two younger brothers in 1940 to escape the Blitz (her father had died of cancer in 1935, when she was nine years old). She studied acting at the Feagin School of Drama and Radio in New York, before moving to Los Angeles in 1942.
After Gaslight, she appeared in National Velvet (1944) as Edwina, the older sister to Elizabeth Taylor’s character Velvet. In 1945, she appeared as ill-fated music-hall actress Sibyl Vane in Albert Lewin’s version of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture Of Dorian Gray opposite Hurd Hatfield and George Sanders. Lansbury won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture for her performance, and received her second Oscar nomination (again in the Best Supporting Actress category, although she lost to her National Velvet co-star Anne Revere).
In September 1945, Lansbury married for the first time, to American actor and visual artist Richard Cromwell. She was 19, he was 35. The marriage lasted less than a year, with Lansbury filing for divorce in September 1946. The marriage was troubled, as Cromwell was actually gay and married in the misplaced hope that he would become straight. Despite the divorce, Cromwell and Lansbury remained friends until Cromwell’s death in 1960. Lansbury met her second husband, fellow British expatriate Peter Shaw, in December 1946 at a party hosted by her Dorian Gray co-star Hurd Hatfield; she and Shaw married in London in 1949, and became naturalized American citizens in 1951 (although both retained their British citizenship, via dual nationality).
Lansbury had signed a seven-year contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) when she was cast in Gaslight. But despite being a double Oscar nominee before the age of 20 (to date, still the youngest actress to receive two nominations), the studio didn’t seem to know what to do with her and she was, according to her Gaslight director George Cukor, “consistently miscast”. Lansbury herself voiced her frustration, stating "I kept wanting to play the Jean Arthur roles [i.e. screwball comedy leading ladies], and Mr. Mayer kept casting me as a series of venal bitches."
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| Clockwise from top left: State Of The Union, Samson And Delilah, The Harvey Girls, The Three Musketeers |
She played a rough-and-ready honkytonk saloon singer opposite Judy Garland in The Harvey Girls (1946), a nightclub singer who vies with Esther Williams for William Powell’s attentions in The Hoodlum Saint (1946), the “London specialty” in the fictionalized Jerome Kern biopic Till The Clouds Roll By (1946), Queen Anne in The Three Musketeers (1948), and a Republican newspaper magnate with eyes on being the “power behind the throne” of the US President in the Frank Capra-directed State Of The Union (1948) with Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy. She was loaned out to Paramount in 1949 to play Semadar in Cecil B. DeMille’s Biblical epic Samson And Delilah, with Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr in the lead roles, and played another scheming maid in the film noir Kind Lady (1951), although one of her co-stars in that film was her mother, Moyna Macgill (mother and daughter also appeared together in The Picture Of Dorian Gray).
Unhappy with the roles she was being given at MGM, Lansbury instructed her manager to terminate her contract with them in 1952. Throughout the early 1950s, she began to appear more on television, although also made several films as a freelance actress, including swashbuckler The Purple Mask (1955) which she later called “the worst movie [she] ever made” and musical family comedy The Court Jester (1956) where she played Princess Gwendolyn opposite Danny Kaye, Basil Rathbone, and Glynis Johns. In 1957, she made her Broadway debut in the French farce Hotel Paradiso. As with many endeavours in Lansbury’s early career, whilst the production received a mixed reception, she earned good reviews for her role. Towards the end of the 1950s, she appeared in two films- The Long, Hot Summer and The Reluctant Debutante (both 1958)- which, according to her biographer Martin Gottfried, restored her status as “an A-Picture actress”.
As the 1960s began, Lansbury returned to Broadway in a production of Shelagh Delaney’s post-war British kitchen-sink drama A Taste Of Honey. She played Helen, the garrulous, common, often absentee mother of main character Jo (played by Joan Plowright who- despite playing her daughter- was only four years younger than Lansbury). She also put in a sympathetic supporting turn as a widowed beauty salon owner in Delbert Mann’s The Dark At The Top Of The Stairs (1960).
Continuing an unwelcome trend in her career, she appeared as Elvis Presley’s disapproving mother in Blue Hawaii (1961), despite there only being a nine-year age difference between her and Presley. As Lansbury once pointed out, "Hollywood made me old before my time." In 1962, she played another overbearing matriarch in John Frankenheimer’s adaptation of the novel All Fall Down, with Warren Beatty, Brandon deWilde, and Karl Malden as her children and husband. It was her performance in this film that led Frankenheimer to cast her in his adaptation of Richard Condon’s paranoid political thriller The Manchurian Candidate.
For anyone who only knows Lansbury from roles in the latter half of her career, and see her as a cosy cuddly maternal figure, take a watch of The Manchurian Candidate and prepare yourself. She is absolutely terrifying as the glacial Mrs. Eleanor Shaw Iselin, mother to war hero Sergeant Raymond Shaw (Laurence Harvey). A scheming ideologue who will do whatever it takes to ensure her senator husband will reach the highest echelons of power, she commands the screen in every scene she’s in. She was only three years older than Laurence Harvey. Lansbury gives such a steely, powerful and frankly unnerving performance (her monologue where she coolly gives Raymond the orders on when and how he is to assassinate the presidential nominee is an absolute masterclass) that an Oscar nomination was virtually guaranteed.
Indeed, her performance is one of the two Oscar nods the film received (the other being Best Film Editing). She received her third competitive Oscar nod (again in the Best Supporting Actress category) but lost out to Patty Duke for The Miracle Worker. In terms of the biggest robberies ever seen at the Oscars, this is right up there with Judy Garland and Bette Davis. Although Lansbury did get a second Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress- Motion Picture and received the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performances in this and All Fall Down. In a 2007 article for Time Magazine, Lansbury’s performance as Mrs. Iselin featured in their countdown of the Top 25 Greatest Villains in cinema. And if Frank Sinatra had gotten his way, the role would have gone to Lucille Ball instead...
Throughout the rest of the 1960s, Lansbury appeared in several notable screen productions – appearing as Jean Harlow’s mother in the 1965 biopic Harlow (although she was only six years older than Carroll Baker who played the titular actress), and featuring as Claudia Procula- the wife of Pontius Pilate (Telly Savalas)- in George Stevens’ four-hour sprawling Biblical epic The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), although she was cut almost entirely from the final edit - but one of her most defining roles would take place on Broadway.
Lansbury’s first assay into Broadway musical took place in 1964, appearing in the infamous production of Arthur Laurents’ and Stephen Sondheim’s Anyone Can Whistle which closed after just nine performances. Things would be different the second time around, as she played the lead role as the glamorous, bohemian Mame Dennis in Jerry Herman’s musical version of Patrick Dennis’ 1955 novel Auntie Mame. The 1958 film version (and a subsequent non-musical stage version) starred Rosalind Russell in the title role, but she turned down the stage musical version. Lansbury actively sought out the role, and was 41 years old when the show opened in Broadway’s Winter Garden Theatre in 1966.
The role of Mame Dennis is a demanding one, with ten song and dance numbers throughout the show- including the wonderful “We Need A Little Christmas”, “If He Walked Into My Life”, and the fabulously catty duet “Bosom Buddies”- and a number of elaborate costume changes; it’s also one of the finest musical theatre roles for actresses in the second age of their careers. Reviews of her performance were overwhelmingly positive, praising her “wit, poise, [and] warmth” and it garnered Lansbury the first of her five Tony Awards, winning Best Leading Actress in a Musical at the 1966 awards ceremony. She would reprise the role onstage several times, although was passed over in favour of Lucille Ball when a filmed version of the musical was released in 1974 (which opened to almost universally poor reviews).
In 1968, Lansbury was given the Hasty Pudding Woman Of The Year award by the Hasty Pudding Theatricals Society of Harvard University, for her "lasting and impressive contribution to the world of entertainment". She was offered the lead role of ageing lesbian actress June Buckridge in Robert Aldrich’s The Killing Of Sister George, but declined; the role went to Beryl Reid (reprising her role from a previous stage production of the play). She was also interested in playing the role of Mrs. Robinson in The Graduate, which eventually went to Anne Bancroft. Her second Tony Award, again for Best Leading Actress in a Musical, came in 1969 for her performance in Dear World (a Jerry Herman musical based on Jean Giraudoux's play The Madwoman of Chaillot.) Lansbury was cast in the starring role of 75-year-old Countess Aurelia, despite her actual age of 44.
Due to a number of family issues (with both her children involved in drug use, and her daughter Deidre falling in with associates of the Manson family), Lansbury moved with them to a farmhouse in County Cork, Ireland in 1970. She didn’t work for a year whilst helping to get her family sorted out but then returned to screens in 1971 as the scatterbrained trainee witch Miss Eglantine Price in Bedknobs And Broomsticks, a loose adaptation of two children’s books by English author Mary Norton. Combining animation and live-action footage, the film is a cherished part of a lot of children’s childhoods, and a lot of that is down to the warmth and charm of Lansbury’s performance. Her double act with David Tomlinson (who plays the charlatan “Professor” Emelius Browne) is particularly lovely and she gives a sweet poignancy to the Oscar-nominated song “The Age Of Not Believing” (where she laments the tricky parts of growing up). Lansbury received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical for her performance.
After finishing the US tour of Gypsy, she joined the National Theatre at the Old Vic in 1975 to play Gertrude in Hamlet, opposite Albert Finney in the lead role. Directed by Peter Hall, the production was part of the opening season in the National’s new home on the South Bank in 1976. It opened to mixed reviews, and Lansbury later said she believed the role to be “too restrained”. In 1978, she appeared back on Broadway playing Anna Leonowens in The King And I for 24 performances whilst lead actress Constance Towers was on a short break.
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| Top (l-r): The Mirror Crack'd; The Last Unicorn. Bottom (l-r): A Talent For Murder; The Company Of Wolves |
In 1980, Lansbury appeared in another star-studded Agatha Christie adaptation, but this time in the lead role of Miss Marple in The Mirror Crack’d. Surrounded by a cast of stars such as Elizabeth Taylor, Tony Curtis, Kim Novak, and Rock Hudson, Lansbury eschews the broader depiction of the character made popular by Margaret Rutherford and becomes a much quieter but no less perceptive sleuth. Her stall is set out in the opening scene when, watching a creaky old murder mystery film in the village hall, she correctly works out the ending when the projector stops working. She had signed on to do a two further films as Miss Marple but they sadly never materialized. After this, she voiced the witch Mommy Fortuna in the 1982 animated feature The Last Unicorn. She would also star opposite Laurence Olivier in a 1983 BBC television movie called A Talent For Murder where she played a wheelchair-using crime writer, and appeared as the superstitious grandmother in Neil Jordan’s 1984 gothic fantasy horror The Company Of Wolves, based on the story of the same name of Angela Carter.
In 1984, Lansbury took the role for which she will almost certainly be best remembered: that of former teacher turned crime writer turned amateur sleuth Jessica Fletcher in the TV series Murder, She Wrote. However, considering how indelibly linked she is to the role, she was not the first choice to play Jessica: the role was originally offered to Jean Stapleton (Edith Bunker in All In The Family) and Doris Day, who both turned it down. And the rest, as they say, is history...
Mainly based in the coastal community of Cabot Cove, Maine (although often branching out to places like New York or Los Angeles, and even Hawaii when the show had a crossover episode with Magnum, P.I.), the show ran for twelve seasons between 1984 and 1996, airing 264 episodes in total, with four further television movies (South By Southwest, A Story To Die For, The Last Free Man, and The Celtic Riddle) airing between 1997 and 2003. Over the course of the 264 episodes, there were 286 homicides; were Cabot Cove a real place, it would outrank Honduras as the murder capital of the world!
In 1989, Lansbury co-founded the production company Corymore Productions, which started co-producing the television series with Universal Television. Between 1989-1991, Lansbury’s involvement in the show lessened due to the rigours of the American network television filming schedule, so Jessica would sometimes appear in episodes at the beginning and end to introduce a story told to her by one of her friends. From 1992-1996, Lansbury became an executive producer of the show, allowing her more freedom with the role.
A staple of Sunday night television in the US (usually airing at 8:00pm), CBS decided to move the show to Thursday evenings for its twelfth season (1995-1996) putting it in direct competition with the sitcom Friends. There’s a somewhat arch comment on this with the title of the very last regular Murder, She Wrote episode being “Death By Demographics” where Jessica comes to the aid of a veteran radio books show host who is replaced by an uncouth shock jock. By the time the series ended in 1996, it tied with the original Hawaii Five-O (1968-1980) as the longest-running detective drama series in television history.
It might seem odd to point this out but, in the 1980s, it was rare to see an older actress in the lead of a show. Lansbury was 59 when the show began airing and was 78 when the final TV movie was shown. She received a Primetime Emmy nomination each year from 1985-1996 for Outstanding Lead Actress In A Drama Series, but scandalously never won once. She would also get 10 Golden Globe nominations for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama (1985-1993, and in 1995), winning four times (in 1985, 1987, 1990, and 1992). Lansbury felt a great affinity for the character, once saying “Jessica Fletcher is about as close to the sort of woman I might have been, had I not been an actress”.
In 1987, Lansbury headlined a show in Chicago to raise money for AIDS research. It was the first major AIDS benefit held in Chicago, and it raised one million dollars. Lansbury would continue to support both the American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR) and the Broadway Cares charity, raising sums estimated to be in the millions for both causes. At the event, she said “Tonight isn't about what we lost or might lose. It's about that step forward when we might conquer this thing and get on with the business of living. Here we celebrate life and together we fight."
In terms of philanthropy, it was also well known that, on Murder, She Wrote, Lansbury would often push for actors who were in need of credited work to keep various benefits or insurances to be cast in credited guest roles on the show. In 1988, she released a video titled Angela Lansbury's Positive Moves: My Personal Plan for Fitness and Well-Being, in which she outlined her personal exercise routine (with a book of the same name published two years later). She hosted the Tony Awards ceremony for three consecutive years (1987, 1988, and 1989) and, as of 2022, she holds the record for most Tony Awards shows hosted, with five (she had host stints in 1968 and 1971, as well as the consecutive 1980s ceremonies).
The story goes that Lansbury was initially unsure whether she could record the song (as she didn’t feel her ageing singing voice would be suitable), but directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise asked if she could record a version of it as a back-up in case they were unable to find anyone else to sing it. She agreed and arranged to fly to New York to record the song with a live orchestra; her plane was delayed by several hours due to a bomb threat and (as these were the days before mobile phones were ubiquitous) she was unable to contact the studio until she arrived in New York. Eventually, she made it to the studio, recorded the song in one take... and that take is what appears in the finished movie.
Lansbury would reprise the role for the 1997 straight-to-video sequel Beauty And The Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, and also voice the character in other Disney properties (such as the video game Kingdom Hearts II). In 1991, she was awarded the BAFTA Film Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema, and was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to drama in the 1994 Queen’s Birthday Honours. She would also voice the Dowager Empress Marie in Don Bluth’s 1997 animated film Anastasia and appeared on-screen in Fantasia 2000 to introduce the section based on Stravinsky’s “Firebird Suite”. In 2000, she was one of the five Kennedy Center Honorees- essentially a lifetime achievement award for contributions to American culture- along with Chuck Berry, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Plácido Domingo, and Clint Eastwood.
In January 2003, Lansbury suffered a deep personal tragedy when Peter, her husband of 53 years passed away. At the time, she felt that- going forward- she may do a cameo or a character part but wouldn’t undertake a leading role. In March of that year, she took part in a staged reading of the screenplay of backstage drama All About Eve- with Stockard Channing as Margo and Calista Flockhart as Eve- where she played the sardonic Birdie Coonan (played by Thelma Ritter in the 1950 film) with a broad Irish accent. In 2005, she played Eleanor Duvall in “Night” and “Day”, a two-episode crossover story between two spin-offs in the Law & Order franchise (the latter for Trial By Jury, the former for Special Victims Unit). In these episodes, Lansbury plays a powerful, well-connected and wealthy woman whose son- played by Alfred Molina- is suspected of rape and murder. She received a Primetime Emmy nod for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performance.
Also in 2005, Lansbury played the haughty and domineering Great Aunt Adelaide in family fantasy Nanny McPhee. As the hand that grasps the purse-strings for the widowed Cedric (Colin Firth) and his family, she’s delightfully villainous (and yet still able to take a luminous green pie to the face with something approaching dignity). When Lansbury was suggested for the role, screenwriter and star Emma Thompson initially said “Don’t be ridiculous, that’s like asking for a slice of the moon to be delivered.” Well, that slice of moon was delivered. Lansbury credited the film (and Thompson) with “pull[ing] me out of the abyss” after her husband’s death.
In 2007, Lansbury returned to Broadway after an absence of 23 years in the Terrence McNally play Deuce. In it, she played Leona Mullen, a former tennis player who- along with her former doubles partner Midge Barker (played by Marian Seldes)- is being honoured at a women's quarterfinals match at the US Open. It’s a major role and Lansbury admitted “I had no intention of coming to Broadway. I didn’t really want it. I thought maybe I’d do something with an ensemble... But what I’m doing today, this huge thing, was totally unlooked for.” Reviews of the play itself were mixed, with reviewers calling it “a wilted bouquet of a play”, “as wispy as ectoplasm” and a “flimsy excuse for a comedy”, although Lansbury’s performance was praised, with one reviewer describing her as “vitally and indelibly present”. She received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Play for her performance.
In 2009, Lansbury again took the stage, playing eccentric medium Madame Arcati in a revival of Noël Coward’s charming supernatural comedy Blithe Spirit. A very important character within the play- as her séance is what brings the ghost of Charles’ ex-wife back from beyond (who then proceeds to wreak havoc in the household)- it is a part that does a lot with a limited amount of actual stage (or screen) time. Reviews for the production and for Lansbury’s performance were overwhelmingly positive, and she added a fifth Tony Award to an already stacked mantelpiece (this time for Best Featured Actress in a Play). With this win, she equalled the record held by Julie Harris for most competitive Tony wins by an individual (and they would only be surpassed by Audra MacDonald in 2014 with six wins, although both Harris and Lansbury were also given [non-competitive] Lifetime Achievement Awards, with Lansbury receiving hers earlier in 2022).
In 2011, she made a rare appearance on film, playing restaurant owner Mrs. Selma Van Gundy in Mr. Popper’s Penguins, opposite Jim Carrey. She also then returned to the Broadway stage in 2012 to play women’s rights activist Sue-Ellen Gamadge in The Best Man by Gore Vidal (opposite John Larroquette, James Earl Jones, Candice Bergen, and Eric McCormack). She was also cast in Wes Anderson’s comedy-adventure The Grand Budapest Hotel to play the ancient Madame D. but, due to a scheduling conflict with the Australian tour of the stage version of Driving Miss Daisy (in which she played Miss Daisy opposite James Earl Jones), she had to withdraw; the role was later played by Tilda Swinton.
In November 2013, she was one of the Honorary Oscar recipients at the Academy’s Governors Awards, along with Steve Martin and costume designer Piero Tosi. Her citation describes her as “an entertainment icon who has created some of cinema's most memorable characters, inspiring generations of actors.” She was presented the award by Robert Osborne of Turner Classic Movies (TCM) with Emma Thompson and Geoffrey Rush paying tribute to her, describing Lansbury as “glorious, incandescent and wonderful” and “the living definition of range”.
2014 was something of a banner year for Lansbury, as first she was made a Dame in the New Years honours list for her services to drama, charitable work and philanthropy (and was bestowed the honour by the late Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle in April) before reprising her role as Madame Arcati in Blithe Spirit in the West End. The production was at the Gielgud Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue, a venue which brought great sentimental pleasure to her because it was where her mother Moyna had made her London acting debut in 1915. In 2015, she was nominated for her first ever Laurence Olivier Award (in the Best Actress in a Supporting Role category) and- at the age of 89- she won the award.
In 2017, she appeared in the BBC miniseries Little Women (adapted from Louisa May Alcott’s novel of the same name) as Aunt March, opposite Emily Watson as Marmee, Maya Hawke as Jo, and Michael Gambon as Mr. Laurence. Reviewers praised her "magnificent imperiousness", stating she "steals her every scene". It had been rumoured that Lansbury would be back on the Broadway stage in 2017, heading a production of Enid Bagnold’s 1955 play The Chalk Garden, in the role of Mrs St. Maugham; she later withdrew from the full run of the show, but did do a staged reading of the play at Hunter College in New York.
In 2018, she voiced Mayor McGerkle in the Illumination Entertainment animated version of The Grinch (with Benedict Cumberbatch in the lead role) and also made a glorious cameo in 
Mary Poppins Returns as the Balloon Lady, a kindly old woman selling balloons in the park which leads into the rousing final number “Nowhere To Go But Up”. The part was written to be a cameo role for Julie Andrews (who portrayed Mary Poppins in the original film) but Andrews turned the role down, as she felt her presence would unfairly take attention away from Emily Blunt. There’s something so beautifully warm about Lansbury’s presence in this very minor scene that rounds out the sequel so nicely. At the 2019 Palm Springs International Film Festival, Mary Poppins Returns won the Ensemble Cast Award. She reunited with Mary Poppins Returns co-star Dick Van Dyke in family fantasy drama Buttons: A Christmas Tale in what would be her last main role on film.
In 2019, she appeared in another staged reading of a play, this time taking on the role of the incredibly grand and ever-so-slightly intimidating Lady Bracknell (she of “a handbag?” fame) in The Importance Of Being Earnest in a benefit for Roundabout Theatre Company at the American Airlines Theatre on Broadway. Other members of the cast included Lily Rabe as Lady Bracknell’s daughter Gwendolyn, John Glover as Rev. Canon Chasuble, and Hamish Linklater as John Worthing. After her passing earlier this week, it was confirmed that Lansbury would be making a cameo in Rian Johnson’s Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, along with her frequent collaborator Stephen Sondheim. This will mark her (and, also his) final screen appearance.
As you can imagine, the passing of someone with the stature of Angela Lansbury has been met with a veritable deluge of tributes. Former Disney chief exec Bob Iger described her as "a consummate professional, a talented actress, and a lovely person". Bebe Neuwirth remembered her as "a divine artist and a great broad", whilst writer J. Michael Straczynski “found her to be gentle of heart, strong of spirit, and exceedingly wise.” Actor and playwright Harvey Fierstein summed her up in one phrase: “She, my darlings, was EVERYTHING!”
Lights in the West End were dimmed in her honour on the evening of October 12th, with Broadway theatres doing the same yesterday evening (October 15th). TCM have also announced that they will be a 24-hour movie marathon to celebrate her life and amazing body of cinematic work on Monday November 21st, starting with National Velvet and ending with the 1982 filmed version of Sweeney Todd.
One of the sweetest and most unexpectedly moving tributes came not from anyone associated with the film, television or theatre industries, but from NASA. In her memory, they shared a picture taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope of a cluster of newborn stars which were found in a rosebud-shaped (and rose-coloured) nebulosity known as NGC 7129, in a touching echo of the enchanted rose from Beauty And The Beast.
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| "Tale as old as time..." |
In an interview in 1998, Lansbury was asked how she would want to be remembered. She answered: “I'd like to be remembered as somebody who entertained - who took one out of oneself - for a few minutes, a few hours - transported you into a different venue - gave you relief, gave you entertainment, and gave you joy and laughter, and tears - all those things. I would like to be remembered as somebody who was capable of doing that.” She certainly did all of that and more.
Our thoughts are with her family and friends at this time.
